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DDD7kiwa. 0DP6. Tmf. VQpj. 3FJTf. Bi. 6v. OD8c/v. 7B3. QOVv. Nrk. 3e. X2w. 25. Xav. Gt. XXNo. 3+A==" /> < input type="submit"name="commit"value="Kaydet"class="btn btn btn- success btn- sm" /> < /form> Д°Еџin hikayesi ise ЕџГ¶yle; Rails POST request’leri i. Г§in user’Д±n session bilgisini temel alarak rastgele bir hash olu. Еџturup bunu form i. Г§erisinde hidden field olarak ekliyor ve request esnas. Д±nda g. Г¶nderiyor. Olu. Еџturulan token form submit edildi. Дџinde di. Дџer parametrelerle birlikte g. Г¶nderiliyor ve web uygulamas. Д± taraf. Д±ndan i. Еџleniyor. POST request’in akabinde web sunucumuz g. Г¶nderilen token ile mevcut kullan. Д±c. Д±n. Д±n session bilgisini k. Д±yasl. Д±yor ve e. Еџle. Еџmeyen bir durum bulundu. Дџunda bunu sald. Д±r. Д± olarak kabul ediyor. EДџer Rails’in default davran. Д±ЕџД±n. Д± de. Дџi. Еџtirmediyseniz request’in hataya d. ГјЕџmesi gerekiyor. AЕџa. ДџД±da POST i. Еџlemi yapan bir form g. Г¶rebilirsiniz. Hen. Гјz token’Д± kurcalamad. Д±k. POST i. Еџlemi yapan form. Session’a eri. Еџme Еџans. Д± olmayan bir sald. Д±rgan gibi davran. Д±p token’Д± de. Дџi. Еџtirelim ve neler oldu. Дџunu inceleyelim (Token’Д±n son 2 karakteri olan “==” karakterlerini “??” olarak de. Дџi. Еџtirdim): Parametreleri de. Дџi. Еџtirilmi. Еџ form. Sonu. Г§ olarak beklendi. Дџi Гјzere uygulama exception’a d. ГјЕџt. Гј ve hata verdi => Uygulaman. Д±n bu davran. Д±ЕџД± g. Г¶stermesini sa. Дџlayan ise application_controller’da bulunan “protect_from_forgery” metodu. Prevent CSRF attacks by raising an exception. For APIs, you may want to use : null_session instead. Prevent CSRF attacks by raising an exception.# For APIs, you may want to use : null_session instead. Kod asl. Д±nda yapt. Д±ДџД± i. Еџi a. Г§Д±k. Г§a s. Г¶yl. Гјyor. Di. Дџer bir yandan da API’lar i. Г§in null_session kullanmam. Д±z. Д± Г¶neriyor. В EДџer uygulaman. Д±z i. Г§erisinde bir API bar. Д±nd. Д±racaksan. Д±z protect_from_forgery with: : exception. В yapt. Д±ДџД±n. Д±z request’leri hataya d. ГјЕџГјrecek çünk. Гј Rails authenticity_token’Д± sizin request’iniz i. Г§erisine eklemeyecek. Deneyelim: Konfig. Гјrasyon: В. protect_from_forgery with: : exception. API Request. $ curl - X POST - d "id_number=0. XPOST- d"id_number=0. API Request Sonucu. Can't verify CSRF token authenticity. Completed 4. 22 Unprocessable Entity in 1ms. Can'tverify CSRF token authenticity. Completed. 42. 2Unprocessable Entity in. Д± hataya d. ГјЕџГјrme davran. Д±ЕџД±na alternatif olarak reset_session ve null_session se. Г§eneklerini de kullanabilirsiniz: :reset_session – Oturumu s. Д±f. Д±rlar.: null_session – Request esnas. Д±nda yeni bo. Еџ bir oturum sa. Дџlar ancak mevcut oturumu s. Д±f. Д±rlamaz. Detaylardan bir ka. Г§ ilgin. Г§ nokta: Yeni bir Rails uygulamas. Д± olu. Еџturdu. Дџunuzda “protect_from_forgery” metodu with: : exception ayarl. Д± olarak geliyor. Rails 4’te => “protect_from_forgery” metodunu tek ba. ЕџД±na Г§a. ДџД±rd. Д±ДџД±n. Д±zda default davran. Д±ЕџД± “reset_session” Еџeklinde. Bknz: source. Rails 3’te => “protect_from_forgery” metodunu tek ba. ЕџД±na Г§a. ДџД±rd. Д±ДџД±n. Д±zda default davran. Д±ЕџД± “null_session” Еџeklinde. GET mi – POST mu? В sadece POST metodu i. Г§in Г§al. Д±Еџmakta. Di. Дџer bir de. Дџi. Еџle GET request’i i. Г§in CSRF korumas. Д± uygulanm. Д±yor. Bu durum Rails kaynak kodu i. Г§erisinde Еџu Еџekilde ifade ediliyor: “GET requests are not protected since they don’t have side effects like writing to the database and don’t leak sensitive information.”Sonu. Г§ olarak. В GET request’lerine hassas bilgiler d. Г¶nd. Гјrmemek ve GET request’lerinden gelen parametreleri veritaban. Д±na yazmamak Г¶nem ta. ЕџД±yor. EДџer hatal. Д± bir kurgu izlemi. Еџ ve veritaban. Д± ile olan ili. Еџkilerinizi GET Гјzerine kurmu. Еџsan. Д±z Г¶ncelikle bu hatal. Д± kurguyu de. Дџi. Еџtirmeniz gerekiyor. API Uygulamalar. Д± ve CSRFWeb uygulaman. Д±z i. Г§erisinde API sunma niyetindeyseniz yukar. Д±da bahsetti. Дџim Еџekilde “with: : exception” API request’lerinizi hataya d. ГјЕџГјrecektir çünk. Гј browser Гјzerinden yap. Д±lmayan. В request’lerde Rails authenticity_token parametresini request’e ekleyemeyecek. O halde hem API В request’lerini hemde normal uygulama request’lerini ayn. Д± anda nas. Д±l g. Гјvende tutaca. ДџД±z? JSON request’lerini protect_from_forgery’den muaf tut. Prevent CSRF attacks by raising an exception. For APIs, you may want to use : null_session instead. Prevent CSRF attacks by raising an exception.# For APIs, you may want to use : null_session instead. Request =>. $ curl - X POST - d "id_number=0. XPOST- d"id_number=0. Response =>. Processing by Api: :V1: :Query. Service. Controller#debt as */*. Parameters: {"id_number"=> "0. Can't verify CSRF token authenticity. Processing by Api: :V1: :Query. Service. Controller#debt as */*Parameters: {"id_number"=> "0. Can'tverify CSRF token authenticity. Response i. Г§erisinde CSRF token’Д±n do. Дџrulanamad. Д±ДџД±n. Д± s. Г¶yl. Гјyor ancak : exception Г§al. Д±Еџt. Д±rmad. Д±ДџД±m. Д±z i. Г§in ve default davran. Д±Еџ “reset_session” oldu. Дџu i. Г§in API requestimiz ba. Еџar. Д±yla Г§al. Д±ЕџД±yor ve yan. Д±t. Д±n. Д± al. Д±yor. Bu uyar. Д± sadece loglan. Д±yor ve client’Д±n sorgular. Д±na engel olmuyor. Di. Дџer bir yandan form Гјzerinden POST yaparken token’Д± de. Дџi. Еџtirirsek uygulama session’Д± s. Д±f. Д±rlayacak ve POST request’imiz iptal edilecek. Request =>. $ curl - X POST - d "id_number=0. XPOST- d"id_number=0. Response =>. Processing by Api: :V1: :Query. Service. Controller#debt as JSON. Parameters: {"id_number"=> "0. Processing by Api: :V1: :Query. Service. Controller#debt as JSONParameters: {"id_number"=> "0. Bir Г¶nce ki POST request ile bu POST request aras. Д±nda fark, ilk request’in /query yoluna yap. Д±lm. Д±Еџ, ikinci request’in ise /query. Д±lm. Д±Еџ olmas. Д±. Dolay. Д±s. Д±yla request bir JSON iste. Дџi oldu. Дџu i. Г§in uygulama art. Д±k loglara token do. Дџrulanamad. Д± hatas. Д±da basm. Д±yor. Dezavantaj => EДџer В : exception kullanmak istiyorsan. Д±z /query yolunun default davran. Д±ЕџД±ndan fedakarl. Д±k etmeniz gerekecek çünk. Гј uygulama bu yolda hata verecek. Sonu. Г§ olarak vard. Д±ДџД±m en sa. Дџl. Д±kl. Д± sonu. Г§ Еџu konfig. Гјrasyon ile oldu =>. API controller’lar. Д±n. Д± protect_from_forgery’den muaf tut. EДџer API request’lerini idare eden controller sadece JSON sunuyorsa callback’lerden faydalanabiliriz. EДџer controller hem bir template render ediyor hemde JSON sunuyorsa CSRF korumas. Д±n. Д± kapatmak g. Гјvenlik zaafiyetine yol a. Г§acakt. Д±r. Sadece index action’unu muaf tut =>. Foo. Controller < Application. Controller. В protect_from_forgery except: : index. Foo. Controller< Application. Controller. В protect_from_forgeryexcept: :indexend. Controller’Д± muaf tut =>. Foo. Controller < Application. Controller. В skip_before_action : verify_authenticity_token. Foo. Controller< Application. Controller. В skip_before_action: verify_authenticity_tokenend. Di. Дџer detaylar i. Г§in metodun kaynak kodunu okuyabilirsiniz: https: //github.
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Analyzing a crash dump file that is generated by the Operating System can be an easy task once a few of the necessary principles are understood, as well as the tools needed to perform an analysis. Tools are needed for analyzing crash dumps. The tools needed to analyze a crash dump would be the Debugging Tools for Windows debuggers. After installing those tools, you would download the symbols files to cache them locally. During the debugging process, these symbol files can also be downloaded from the Microsoft Symbol Server by setting the path to the environment: set PATH=srv*c: \symbols*http: //msdl. You should use the /M switch at the end of the line when running Vista. Notice how the symbols are cached locally in a directory called c: \symbols. But, what are symbols? Symbols are made when a program is being built, the compilation process translates the human- readable source code to the machine’s assembly language. This code is normally used to build an object file, which contains a symbol table describing all the objects in the file that have external linkage. Symbols refer to variables and functions in the running program by the names given to them by the programmer in the source code. In order to display and interpret these names, the debugger requires information about the types of the variables and functions in the program, and about which instructions in the executable file correspond to which lines in the source code files. Such information takes the form of a symbol table, which the compiler and linker include in the executable file during the linking process to build that executable.
Welcome to Windows 7 Forums. Our forum is dedicated to helping you find support and solutions for any problems regarding your Windows 7 PC be it Dell, HP, Acer, Asus. Introduction. This article will focus on using the Debugging Tools for Windows in order to analyze a crash dump. The intention therein is to encourage the. Therefore, the downloaded symbols would be for Microsoft code alone. As we will see, a third party driver will not have symbols, and also uses a calling convention that omits a stack frame pointer. This third party driver would call an Operating System function and that would cause the crash, but it is likely that the third party driver passed the function some erroneous data. Having said that, another powerful debugger is the livekd. Mark Russinovich. As we will see, he is also the author of the tool that causes a crash for the educational sake of how to analyze crash dump files and put that knowledge to practical use. Before we discuss these tools and how they are used, we must first understand that normally when the system crashes, something went wrong in the kernel mode. A device driver or an Operating System function running in kernel- mode incurs an unhandled exception, such as a memory access violation, an example of which would be either an attempt to write to a read- only page, or an attempt to read an address that isn’t currently mapped and is therefore not a valid memory location. Stated loosely, an executing thread attempts to or does write to a memory block that it does not own and corrupts the state of that memory block. Crash dump analysis resides under the topic of memory analysis. A fundamental aspect of memory analysis is that the locations of data used by the Operating System are not the same as the physical locations needed to locate data in a memory dump. Because there is generally not enough physical memory to contain all running processes simultaneously, the Windows Operating System must simulate a larger memory space. This is why configuring a full memory dump is not very practical, as user mode code and data are normally not used for crash dump analysis. If something went wrong in kernel mode, then configuring a kernel dump crash file would be the best choice to analyze a system crash. These settings are found in the Advanced Settings tab on the applet in the Control Panel that also contains the device manager and the remote settings. A Brief Look at Threads and Processes. A thread is a unit of execution context. Threads are the units of scheduling, and contain the execution state: the register values, the instruction pointer, and the stack pointer. A process is a container that has at least one thread, a handle table, a security token, and an address space. Threads share the private address space, so it is up to the programmer to synchronize access to shared data within the address space among these threads. In fact, part of the Windows memory protection scheme is premised on the fact that when a process (threads within) is executing, the address space of that process is mapped into the microprocessor’s memory management hardware. Therefore, a process can’t see the address space of another process by virtue of the fact that it is not present—it is currently not loaded into the microprocessor’s memory management hardware. This does not mean that it cannot access the address space of another process. In order to do so, it has to follow Windows security principles, open that process, and use special APIs to gain access to that remote process’s address space. The Windows Memory Manager creates the illusion of a flat virtual address space, when in fact, the hardware unit of the microprocessor maps the virtual address space to the physical address. This larger memory space simulation is achieved by creating a virtual address space for each process that is translated to physical storage locations through a series of data structures. The main data structures are the page directory and the page table. Mapping the virtual address space to the physical address is done so in the granularity of a page (4 kilobytes of physical memory). When a user mode application needs to map its code and data onto the virtual address space, the process may represent to the system an instance of a running program. But, as an application needs to map its code and data onto the virtual address space, the actual Operating System also needs to map itself, as well as the configured device drivers, and the data that is used by device drivers that is stored on the kernel- mode heap. The virtual address used by a process does not represent the actual physical location of an object in memory. Instead, the system maintains a page map for each process, which is an internal data structure used to translate virtual addresses into corresponding physical addresses. Another thing about memory protection is that the address space consists of both the user's address space as well as part of the address space that is dedicated towards mapping the kernel, the drivers, and the data they both use. It would pose a security risk if user mode components like Notepad could reach into kernel mode and read the data out of there or even modify it. For this reason, Windows relies on the help of the memory management hardware to mark pages that represent kernel address space as being system pages. User process memory addresses are separate, as all kernel mode components share a single address space: user threads cannot access kernel memory. The memory management hardware on processors that Windows run on prevent anything running in user mode from accessing pages that are marked as system pages. So, in order for a thread to make a system call and thus enter Operating System code and access kernel memory, a transition has to occur. When a thread has to make a system call, that thread makes a call function in a DLL that performs a special instruction that safely transitions into this elevated processor access mode. On an x. 86 architecture, this elevated processor access mode is called Ring 0. So, kernel- mode code runs in ring 0, and user mode code runs in ring 3. Threads are constantly switching back and forth from user- mode to kernel- mode and back every time they make a system call. When that switch is made, the thread is now executing in kernel mode, and now the Operating System and the drivers have access to that kernel- mode protected memory. Interrupt Request Levels: IRQLsx. Windows imposes its own interrupt priority scheme known as interrupt request levels (IRQLs). This scheme is actually a software concept that is used by Windows to prioritize its own work. It is basically the priority of what's happening on the processor at that point. There are a few IRQLs that are normally related to crashes. One is the lowest level, and is called the PASSIVE_LEVEL, during which no interrupts are masked: no software or hardware interrupts are masked. By definition, when the system is running user- mode code, the IRQL is at PASSIVE_LEVEL. The only time an IRQL can be elevated to higher levels is if the system is executing kernel mode code in response to software generated interrupts or hardware generated interrupts that trigger the execution of interrupt service routines or deferred procedure calls. Even when running kernel- mode code, the system tries to keep the IRQL at PASSIVE_LEVEL because it is more responsive to devices that are interrupting the system to keep their interrupts unmasked. The next IRQL relevant to system crashes is the DISPATCH_LEVEL. DISPATCH_LEVEL is the highest software interrupt level, and scheduler operations are mapped to this level. When the scheduler is operating on the system, it raises the IRQL to DISPATCH_LEVEL. Other operations can raise the IRQL to DISPATCH_LEVEL, but when another operation raises the IRQL to DISPATCH_LEVEL, the scheduler is disabled. A way that a thread running in kernel mode can ensure that it is not preempted by another thread on that processor is to raise the interrupt level to DISPATCH_LEVEL. This turns off the scheduler, and now that thread can run through whatever operation is performing to completion. When it is done, it drops the interrupt level down to PASSIVE_LEVEL and re- enables the scheduler. |
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